Make the stock: Boil chicken, onion, garlic, bay leaves, broth, and water for about 40 minutes.
Soak chiles: While the stock simmers, soak guajillo, ancho, arbol, and optional pasilla chiles in hot water for 15–20 minutes.
Blend sauce: Blend soaked chiles with garlic, onion, reserved broth, and spices until smooth.
Strain sauce: Use a fine mesh strainer to remove solids for a smooth, rich chile sauce.
Shred chicken: Remove cooked chicken from stock, shred, and set aside.
Combine: Add red chile sauce and hominy to the stock. Return shredded chicken to the pot.
Simmer: Cook everything together for 20–25 minutes, adjusting salt to taste.
Serve: Ladle into bowls and top with cabbage, avocado, radishes, lime, and cilantro.